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Annualized Indices
Annualized effective measures based on weighted composites, 1985-2025. Available for downlad in Excel (.xlsx) and Stata (.dta) formats.
XLSX DTA GUIDE
Cohort-Based Indices
Cohort-based measures for cohorts born 1940-59, 1960-79, 1980-99. Available for downlad in Excel (.xlsx) and Stata (.dta) formats.
XLSX DTA GUIDE

Usage and Citation

The database, and the indices therein, are available for use by others subject to CC-BY Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licensing terms. We encourage non-commercial use and adaptation, provided that the EUROPE-IGM-ATLAS and the datasets therein are cited appropriately.

Citation Guidelines

When incorporating content from the EUROPE-IGM-ATLAS into your own work, use the following citations as appropriate. Please note that each of the datasets associated with the EUROPE-IGM-ATLAS has it's own citation requirements. Though you are able to download the most recent versions of the datasets via this website, archived versions are hosted by the OSF, with a stable DOI, and should be cited according to the examples given below.

For the Original Article Presenting the EUROPE-IGM-ATLAS
McNamara, S., Neidhöfer, G., Lehnert, P. (2026). Intergenerational Mobility Fosters Innovation in Europe. Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10736-9.
BibTeX

For Downloaded EUROPE-IGM-ATLAS Datasets
McNamara, S., Neidhöfer, G., Lehnert, P. (2026). "Europe-IGM-Atlas-Annualized (Version 1)" [Data set]. The European Atlas of Spatially Disaggregated Intergenerational Mobility. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MQDSK.
BibTeX
McNamara, S., Neidhöfer, G., Lehnert, P. (2026). "Europe-IGM-Atlas-Cohorts (Version 1)" [Data set]. The European Atlas of Spatially Disaggregated Intergenerational Mobility. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/MQDSK.
BibTeX

For the Website and Associated Dashboard
McNamara, S., Neidhöfer, G., Lehnert, P. (2026). "The European Atlas of Spatially Disaggregated Intergenerational Mobility." Web application. https://europe-igm-atlas.github.io/app/.
BibTeX

AUTHORS

Sarah McNamara

Sarah McNamara

ZEW Mannheim

Sarah is a researcher in the Research Unit “Labour Markets and Social Insurance” at the ZEW Mannheim, and an external doctoral candidate at Utrecht University. She studies the drivers of human capital formation and skill composition. In particular, how institutions and family background shape opportunities, and how these dynamics, in turn, influence both student outcomes and regional growth and inequality.

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Guido Neidhöfer

Guido Neidhöfer

ZEW Mannheim; Turkish-German University

Guido is a Senior Researcher in the Research Unit “Labour Markets and Social Insurance” at the ZEW Mannheim, and currently holds a professorship at the Turkish-German University in Istanbul co-funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). He studies social mobility, inequality, education, migration, and economic development, in particular equality of opportunity and its role in shaping long-run economic and social outcomes.

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Patrick Lehnert

Patrick Lehnert

University of Zurich; Hoover Institution, Stanford University

Patrick is an assistant professor of personnel economics at the University of Zurich and a visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He studies how education contributes to innovation and economic growth, with a particular emphasis on vocational education. Previously, he also developed a proxy for local economic activity based on daytime satellite imagery with global applicability (see here for data access).

Orcid